Understanding Fundamental Data Types and Control Structures in C++

1. Data Types

1.1 int

An integer data type that stores whole numbers.

1.2 float

A floating-point data type used for decimal numbers.

1.3 long

A modifier for int, representing a larger range of integer values.

1.4 long long

An extended modifier for int, providing an even larger range.

1.5 double

A floating-point data type with higher precision than float.

1.6 string

A sequence of characters representing textual data.

1.7 char

A data type that stores a single character.

1.8 getline

A function used to read a line of text from an input stream.

2. Control Structures

2.1 if-else Statement

Conditional statement used for decision-making.

if (condition) {
    // Code to execute if condition is true
} else {
    // Code to execute if condition is false
}

2.2 Nested if-else Statement

Multiple levels of if-else statements.

if (condition1) {
    // Code to execute if condition1 is true
    if (condition2) {
        // Code to execute if both condition1 and condition2 are true
    } else {
        // Code to execute if condition1 is true and condition2 is false
    }
} else {
    // Code to execute if condition1 is false
}

2.3 While Loop

A loop that executes a block of code while a condition is true.

while (condition) {
    // Code to repeat as long as the condition is true
}

2.4 Do-While Loop

Similar to a while loop but guarantees at least one execution of the block.

do {
    // Code to repeat at least once
} while (condition);

3. Switch Statement

A control structure for multi-way branching based on the value of an expression.

switch (expression) {
    case value1:
        // Code to execute if expression equals value1
        break;
    case value2:
        // Code to execute if expression equals value2
        break;
    // ... more cases
    default:
        // Code to execute if none of the cases match
}

4. Arrays and Strings

4.1 Arrays

A collection of elements of the same data type.

int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

4.2 Strings

Arrays of characters representing text.

char greeting[] = "Hello, World!";

5. Functions

5.1 Function Types

Void Function: A function that does not return a value.

void printMessage() {
    // Code to execute
}

Return Function: A function that returns a value.

int add(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;
}

5.2 Parameterized and Non-Parameterized Functions

Parameterized Function: A function that takes parameters.

void greetUser(string name) {
    cout << "Hello, " << name << "!";
}

Non-Parameterized Function: A function that does not take parameters.

void welcomeMessage() {
    cout << "Welcome to the program!";
}

5.3 Pass by Reference and Value

Pass by Value: Passing the value of a variable to a function.

void square(int x) {
    x = x * x;
}

Pass by Reference: Passing the reference/address of a variable to a function.

void square(int &x) {
    x = x * x;
}